Hazards | AQA A-Level Geography (7037)

Hazards

407 questions
30 subtopics
Component 1 Section C: Hazards or Ecosystems under stress
Component 1

Tectonic, atmospheric and fire hazards, the models used to describe how communities absorb them, and the prediction, preparedness and response that decide how much damage is done.

One of two Section C options in Component 1.

Sample questions from Hazards

Answer each one closed book first, then open the answer.

Natural Hazards: Types, Perception and Responses

Identify four economic factors that influence hazard perception.

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Wealth, income levels, access to insurance, and economic dependence on hazard-prone locations.
The Internal Structure of the Earth

At what depth does the liquid outer core begin, and what layer does it surround?

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The outer core begins at approximately 2,900 km depth and surrounds the solid inner core
Volcanic Hazards and Eruption Magnitude

Which volcanic gas can cause suffocation in low-lying areas due to its density?

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Carbon dioxide
How Earthquakes Happen

What type of wave are S-waves and what limitation do they have?

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S-waves are shear waves that can only travel through solids, not liquids.
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

What happened at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2011?

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The tsunami knocked out power and cooling systems, causing meltdowns in three reactors and a level 7 nuclear accident.
The Impacts of Tropical Storms

What does mitigation mean in relation to tropical storms?

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Measures that reduce the severity of tropical storm impacts, such as building sea walls, reinforcing structures, establishing building codes, and creating flood defences.
Weather Conditions and Wildfire Risk

What effect do heatwaves have on wildfire conditions?

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Heatwaves dry out vegetation rapidly, increasing fuel flammability and fire risk.
Social, Economic and Political Impacts of Wildfires

What reconstruction costs follow major wildfires?

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Long-term costs include rebuilding infrastructure, homes, and restoring services and landscapes.

The 30 subtopics

One subtopic is one session. Work down the list.

Subtopic	What it covers	Questions
Natural Hazards: Types, Perception and Responses	Recall questions on geophysical, atmospheric and hydrological hazards, primary and secondary effects, hazard perception and its economic and cultural influences, fatalism, prediction, adaptation, mitigation, management and risk sharing, and hazard incidence, intensity, magnitude and distribution.	21
The Park Model	Recall questions on what the model shows about a community after a hazard and on each phase from pre-disaster normality to reconstruction.	10
The Hazard Management Cycle	Recall questions on the four stages of the Hazard Management Cycle, what mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery each involve and how they differ, identifying the stage from examples such as evacuation drills and emergency shelters, and why the process is cyclical.	18
The Internal Structure of the Earth	Recall questions on the Earth's four layers and their order, the solid inner core and liquid outer core and their metals, the depth and significance of the outer core, the properties of the mantle, and oceanic and continental crust compared.	13
Plate Tectonic Theory and Plate Movement	Recall questions on the internal heat sources that drive plate movement, on plate tectonic theory and what plates rest upon, and on gravitational sliding, ridge push, slab pull, mantle convection currents and sea-floor spreading.	10
Plate Margins and Seismicity	Recall questions on what happens at destructive, constructive and conservative margins, and on the meaning of seismicity.	16
Where Vulcanicity Occurs	Recall questions on vulcanicity at constructive and destructive plate margins and why eruptions there are effusive or explosive, on hotspots, magma plumes and the volcanic island chains that record plate movement, and on magma viscosity and eruption style.	11
Volcanic Hazards and Eruption Magnitude	Recall questions on nuées ardentes, lava flows, lahars, pyroclastic fallout and ash, volcanic gases and acid rain, the size classes of ash, lapilli and bombs, the global distribution of volcanoes, the VEI and why eruption frequency varies.	18
Volcanic Prediction, Impacts and Responses	Recall questions on eruption regularity and precursors such as seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions and temperature, on primary, secondary, environmental, social, economic and political impacts, and on short- and long-term responses, preparedness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation and risk management.	18
A Recent Volcanic Event	Recall questions on why a recent eruption must be studied and on the impacts and human responses a case study should evidence.	11
How Earthquakes Happen	Recall questions on why stress builds at plate boundaries, what happens to rocks under that stress and what defines an earthquake.	11
Seismic Hazards, Distribution and Magnitude	Recall questions on tsunamis, liquefaction and earthquake-triggered landslides, the plate margins and Pacific Ring of Fire where earthquakes concentrate, intraplate earthquakes and randomness, and the logarithmic moment magnitude scale and the frequency-magnitude relationship.	15
Earthquake Prediction, Impacts and Responses	Recall questions on earthquake regularity and the limits of prediction, primary, secondary, environmental, social, economic and political impacts, short- and long-term responses, preparedness, mitigation, prevention and adaptation, resistant buildings, tsunami warnings, land-use planning and contrasts between high- and low-income countries.	18
Focus, Epicentre and Seismic Vulnerability	Recall questions on what determines vulnerability and on why a shallow focus usually causes more damage than a deep one.	8
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami	The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan as a recent seismic event, covering its cause and magnitude, the tsunami and the Fukushima nuclear disaster, its human and economic impacts, and the short- and long-term responses.	12
Tropical Storm Formation and Intensification	Recall questions on the sea surface temperature and depth needed for tropical storms, the Coriolis effect and why they do not form near the equator, low wind shear, and the intensification cycle of rising air, condensation and latent heat release as positive feedback.	12
Tropical Storm Hazards, Distribution and Magnitude	Recall questions on the hurricane wind threshold, high winds, storm surges, coastal and river flooding and landslides, on the latitudes and ocean basins where tropical storms form, and on the Saffir-Simpson Scale, North Atlantic seasons, regularity and forecasting.	17
The Impacts of Tropical Storms	Recall questions on primary and secondary impacts and on the environmental and social consequences that follow.	13
Managing Storm Risk in Contrasting Places	Recall questions on the aim of integrated risk management and on why death tolls and capacity to respond differ so much by income.	8
Typhoon Haiyan and Hurricane Maria compared	Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013 and Hurricane Maria in the Caribbean in 2017 compared as two recent tropical storms, covering their strength, storm surges, deaths and damage, the responses to each, and what they reveal about vulnerability.	15
Wildfires and Vegetation Type	Recall questions on what a wildfire is and on how coniferous forest, deciduous woodland and grassland each burn.	10
Weather Conditions and Wildfire Risk	Recall questions on the effects of high temperature, low humidity, strong wind and preceding rainfall on how a fire behaves.	13
Causes of Ignition	Recall questions on lightning, volcanic activity, spontaneous combustion and arson as sources of ignition.	8
Primary, Secondary and Environmental Impacts of Wildfires	Recall questions on primary wildfire impacts on life, property, vegetation and wildlife, secondary impacts of soil erosion, landslides, water contamination, flooding and ecosystem disruption, and environmental impacts on habitats, biodiversity, carbon dioxide, soils and hydrological cycles.	15
Social, Economic and Political Impacts of Wildfires	Recall questions on wildfire fatalities, displacement, trauma and disruption to education, healthcare and cultural heritage, on the costs of firefighting, property damage, agricultural losses, tourism, insurance and reconstruction, and on emergency service pressure, land management debates, international aid and legislation.	15
Short- and Long-Term Responses to Wildfires	Recall questions on short-term wildfire responses of evacuation, firefighting deployment, emergency shelters, medical care and search and rescue, and on long-term responses of fire-resistant rebuilding, reforestation, community recovery support, land-use planning review and early warning investment.	10
Wildfire Preparedness, Prevention and Adaptation	Recall questions on wildfire preparedness through emergency plans, training, early warning, community education and pre-positioned equipment, on reducing risk through firebreaks, controlled burning, fire-resistant structures, defensible space, fire bans and power line maintenance, and on adaptation through building codes, land use, fire-adapted planting and accepting fire.	17
The 2018 Camp Fire	Recall questions on what a recent wildfire case study must show about impacts, responses and management, and on the 2018 Camp Fire, its cause, rapid spread, primary, economic and political impacts, the failed evacuation of Paradise and the long-term responses.	15
The Philippines as a multi-hazard environment	The Philippines as a multi-hazard environment beyond the UK, where its plate setting and typhoon track bring earthquakes, eruptions such as Pinatubo, floods and landslides, and where prediction, planning and community resilience shape the risk people face.	16
Living with Vesuvius in the Naples area	Living with Vesuvius as a local hazardous setting, covering the volcano's explosive hazards, the red zone and its evacuation plan, why so many people still live around Naples, and how the volcano is monitored.	13

Hazards is 407 of the 3,320 questions in the guide.Get the guide, £7

How the guide is worked

Answering a question from memory stores it far better than reading the answer again. The guide runs that as a fixed procedure on one subtopic at a time, about twenty minutes a session.

Step 1 · Closed book
Cover the answers. Work through one subtopic and write down what you can. Leave blanks where you have nothing.
Step 2 · Open book
Go back to the top. Read each printed answer and write it out in full, including the ones you had right.
Step 3 · Closed book again
Same questions, same order, from memory. The gap between pass one and pass three is the session result.

Read the full method, the return schedule and the research behind it.