Covers the three sub-atomic particles and isotopes, how a mass spectrometer gives relative atomic mass, the ionisation energy evidence for shells and sub-shells, orbitals and electron configuration, and the trends that run across a period and down a group.

• Protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes18
• Relative atomic mass and the mass spectrum8
• Ionisation energy and the evidence for sub-shells11
• Orbitals and electron configuration20
• Periodicity across a period and down a group11

Covers the three types of strong bonding, the shapes electron pair repulsion produces, electronegativity and the intermolecular forces that follow from it, and how the four structure types explain physical properties.

• Ionic bonding11
• Covalent bonding, dative bonding and the shapes of molecules18
• Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces22
• Structure and properties14

Covers oxidation numbers and the rules for assigning them, the definitions of oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons, disproportionation, and building ionic equations from half-equations.

• Oxidation numbers15
• Oxidation, reduction, disproportionation and half-equations20

Covers group 2 flame tests and thermal decomposition, the trends and reactions of the halogens, the tests that identify halide, ammonium, sulfate and carbonate ions, and how to sequence tests on an unknown.

• Flame tests and how they work13
• Thermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonates17
• Carrying out flame tests and testing the gases10
• Trends in the physical properties of the halogens17
• Halogen displacement reactions18
• Disproportionation and the reactions of chlorine11
• Halides with concentrated sulfuric acid14
• Testing for halide ions with silver nitrate14
• Testing for ammonium, sulfate and carbonate ions12
• Choosing and sequencing tests to identify an unknown12

Covers the mole and the three routes to it, the ideal gas equation, balancing and reacting quantities, titration and standard solutions, yield and atom economy, and the practical and mathematical skills the papers assume.

• The mole, molar mass and empirical formula15
• The ideal gas equation and molar volume9
• Equations, concentration and reacting quantities20
• Standard solutions, titration and uncertainty13
• Percentage yield, atom economy and acid reactions21
• Core practicals 1 to 315
• Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experiment12
• Apparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills15

Covers naming and formulae, isomerism and stereochemistry, the alkanes and their combustion, radical substitution, the alkenes and their addition reactions, addition polymers, the halogenoalkanes and their substitution mechanisms, and the alcohols.

• Formulae, homologous series and functional groups8
• IUPAC nomenclature13
• Types of organic reaction and structural isomerism10
• Stereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclature12
• Practical techniques in organic chemistry10
• Alkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutants19
• Radical substitution11
• Alkenes, the double bond and hydrogenation19
• Electrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkene17
• Addition polymers and waste polymers15
• Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes14
• Rates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanisms19
• Classifying and oxidising alcohols18
• Alcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals10

Covers what a mass spectrum reveals about a molecule and how infrared absorptions identify functional groups.

• Mass spectrometry20
• Infrared spectroscopy and the characteristic absorptions16
• Deducing functional groups from an infrared spectrum9

Covers the standard enthalpy definitions, measuring an enthalpy change by calorimetry, and calculating one from Hess cycles or from bond enthalpies.

• Enthalpy changes, standard definitions and calorimetry19
• Hess's law and bond enthalpies14

Covers collision theory and what changes a rate, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and how temperature moves it, and how a catalyst works.

• Collision theory and factors affecting rate8
• Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and temperature9
• Catalysts, reaction profiles and measuring rate15

Covers what makes an equilibrium dynamic, how Le Chatelier's principle predicts a shift, and the equilibrium constant Kc.

• Dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle16
• The equilibrium constant Kc8

Covers partial pressures and the equilibrium constant Kp, and which conditions change its value and which only move the position of equilibrium.

• Partial pressures and Kp10
• Calculating Kp and the effect of conditions13

Covers the Brønsted-Lowry definitions and the pH scale, strong and weak acids with Ka and Kw, pH calculations and titration curves, and buffers including the ones that hold blood pH steady.

• Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, and the pH scale12
• Strong and weak acids, Ka and Kw16
• Calculating pH, and titration curves17
• Buffer solutions and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation15
• Buffers in blood, and the core practical13

Covers lattice energy and the Born-Haber cycle, why theoretical and experimental values differ, entropy and the direction of change, and Gibbs free energy as the test of feasibility.

• Lattice energy14
• Born-Haber cycles and electron affinity18
• Entropy and the direction of change19
• Gibbs free energy and thermodynamic feasibility14

Covers standard electrode potentials and the hydrogen electrode, building and measuring electrochemical cells, using E° values to predict feasibility, and the storage cells, fuel cells and redox titrations that apply them.

• Standard electrode potentials and the hydrogen electrode13
• Electrochemical cells, emf and cell diagrams9
• Feasibility, the electrochemical series and disproportionation12
• Storage cells, fuel cells and redox titrations14

Covers what makes an element a transition metal, complex ions and their shapes, why the complexes are coloured, ligand exchange, the chemistry of the individual metals, and their catalytic behaviour.

• Electron configuration and what makes a transition metal14
• Complex ions, ligands and coordination number12
• Shapes of complexes and the colour of transition metal ions12
• Bidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchange10
• Vanadium and chromium chemistry14
• Reactions with sodium hydroxide and ammonia17
• Cobalt, iron and copper complexes17
• Ligand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effect9
• Transition metals as catalysts13

Covers rate equations and orders, determining an order by experiment, what a rate equation says about the mechanism, and the Arrhenius relationship.

• Rate equations, orders and the rate constant12
• Determining orders from experiments14
• Rate-determining step and mechanisms11
• Arrhenius equation and activation energy9

Covers chirality, the aldehydes and ketones with the tests that tell them apart, their reduction and addition reactions, the carboxylic acids, esters and acyl chlorides, and the practical techniques for making and purifying an organic product.

• Chirality19
• Aldehydes, ketones and their oxidation15
• Reduction and nucleophilic addition of HCN8
• Testing for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reaction8
• Carboxylic acids and their reactions13
• Esters and acyl chlorides15
• Reflux, extraction and recrystallisation18
• Distillation, melting temperature and working safely17

Covers benzene and the evidence for its delocalised structure, electrophilic substitution and its mechanisms, phenol, the amines, amides and condensation polymers, amino acids and proteins, and multi-step synthesis with its analysis and purification.

• The structure of benzene and the evidence for it12
• Electrophilic substitution of benzene11
• Nitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenol17
• Amines: structure and basicity12
• Reactions of amines and preparing them12
• Amides and condensation polymers10
• Amino acids, zwitterions and proteins12
• Empirical and molecular formulae from analytical data14
• Grignard reagents and multi-step synthesis12
• Purification techniques and the aspirin preparation17

Covers carbon-13 and proton NMR and what each feature of a spectrum reveals, and the chromatographic methods that separate a mixture before analysis.

• Carbon-13 and proton NMR10
• Splitting, integration and the reference standard14
• Chromatography14