OCR A-Level Physical Education sample questions and answers (H555)

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108 sample questions and answers

Taken from every topic of OCR A-Level Physical Education, specification H555. The full guide has 2,133.

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Component 01

Skeletal and Muscular Systems

79 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Shoulder, elbow and wrist joints and muscles

    Why is the shoulder more easily dislocated than the hip?

    Show the answer
    The glenoid fossa is shallow, so the shoulder relies on muscles and ligaments for stability. The deep acetabulum of the hip holds the femur far more securely.
  2. Shoulder, elbow and wrist joints and muscles

    Which muscle turns the upper arm outwards in lateral rotation?

    Show the answer
    The teres minor is the agonist for lateral rotation at the shoulder. The latissimus dorsi is the antagonist.
  3. Hip, knee and ankle joints and muscles

    Which muscles produce medial and lateral rotation at the hip?

    Show the answer
    The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus produce medial rotation of the hip. The gluteus maximus produces lateral rotation.

Component 01

The Cardiovascular System

72 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output at rest

    Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

    Show the answer
    The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to the whole body. The thicker muscular wall generates the higher pressure this needs.
  2. Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output at rest

    Why is resting cardiac output about the same in trained and untrained performers?

    Show the answer
    Resting oxygen demand is similar for both. The trained performer's larger stroke volume is balanced by a lower resting heart rate.
  3. The cardiac cycle and conduction system

    How is a 0.8-second cardiac cycle at rest divided between diastole and systole?

    Show the answer
    Diastole takes about 0.5 seconds and systole about 0.3 seconds at rest. The longer diastole gives the ventricles time to fill.

Component 01

The Respiratory System

60 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation

    A resting minute ventilation of 6 L/min comes from 12 breaths per minute. What is the tidal volume?

    Show the answer
    The tidal volume is 0.5 L, or 500 ml. Minute ventilation ÷ frequency = 6 L/min ÷ 12 = 0.5 L.
  2. Breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation

    Describe the minute ventilation response to submaximal exercise.

    Show the answer
    Minute ventilation rises quickly at the start of submaximal exercise. Minute ventilation then plateaus at a steady state where oxygen supply meets demand.
  3. Mechanics of breathing at rest and in exercise

    Explain how air leaves the lungs during expiration at rest.

    Show the answer
    The ribs move down and in and the diaphragm domes upwards, shrinking the thoracic cavity. Lung pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, so air flows out.

Component 01

Energy for Exercise

87 questions in the guide, across 6 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. ATP and coupled reactions

    How many phosphate groups does ADP contain?

    Show the answer
    ADP, adenosine diphosphate, contains two phosphate groups. ADP forms when ATP loses one phosphate.
  2. ATP and coupled reactions

    What is needed to resynthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate?

    Show the answer
    Energy is needed to rejoin the phosphate to ADP. The energy comes from phosphocreatine or from food fuels such as glycogen and fat.
  3. The ATP-PC system

    Describe the reactions of the ATP-PC system.

    Show the answer
    Phosphocreatine is broken down into phosphate and creatine, releasing energy. The energy is used in a coupled reaction to resynthesise ATP from ADP + P.

Component 01

Environmental Effects on Body Systems

44 questions in the guide, across 3 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Altitude and oxygen delivery

    Why is oxygen delivery to the muscles impaired at altitude?

    Show the answer
    Arterial pO₂ is reduced, so the gradient between the blood and the muscle is smaller. Less oxygen diffuses into the muscle for aerobic respiration.
  2. Altitude and oxygen delivery

    Why does submaximal exercise feel harder at altitude?

    Show the answer
    A given workload is a higher percentage of the reduced VO₂ max. Heart rate, ventilation and blood lactate are all higher than at sea level.
  3. Acclimatisation and timing arrival at altitude

    How long does acclimatisation to altitude take?

    Show the answer
    Some changes, such as raised ventilation, begin within days. A meaningful rise in red blood cells takes several weeks.

Component 01

Diet, Nutrition and Ergogenic Aids

78 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Components of a balanced diet

    Why might a weightlifter need more protein than an inactive person?

    Show the answer
    Heavy resistance training damages muscle fibres, which must be repaired and rebuilt. Extra protein supports the repair and the increase in muscle mass.
  2. Components of a balanced diet

    Why must sodium lost in sweat be replaced during long events?

    Show the answer
    Sodium helps control fluid balance and the transmission of nerve impulses. Heavy sweating loses sodium, which can lead to cramp and poor performance.
  3. Energy balance, meals and hydration

    Why might a jockey or a boxer deliberately keep a negative energy balance?

    Show the answer
    A negative balance reduces body mass so the performer can make a weight limit. Too great a deficit can cause fatigue, weakness and poor recovery.

Component 01

Aerobic Training

60 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. VO₂max and the factors that affect it

    How does muscle fibre type affect VO₂max?

    Show the answer
    Slow oxidative fibres contain many mitochondria and much myoglobin, so they use oxygen well. A performer with more slow oxidative fibres tends to have a higher VO₂max.
  2. VO₂max and the factors that affect it

    How can regular training change the effect of ageing on VO₂max?

    Show the answer
    Regular aerobic training slows the decline in VO₂max with age. A trained older performer can have a higher VO₂max than an inactive younger adult.
  3. Testing aerobic capacity

    Give two advantages of the multi-stage fitness test.

    Show the answer
    The multi-stage fitness test needs little equipment and is cheap. A whole squad can be tested at once.

Component 01

Strength and Flexibility Training

76 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Types of strength and strength testing

    What is the difference between static and dynamic strength?

    Show the answer
    Static strength is force applied without any change in muscle length or joint position. Dynamic strength is force applied while the limbs move.
  2. Types of strength and strength testing

    What are the drawbacks of a 1RM test for a novice?

    Show the answer
    A novice risks injury lifting a near-maximal load with weak technique. The test needs a thorough warm-up, a spotter and several trial lifts.
  3. Strength training methods

    What are the advantages of a multi-gym?

    Show the answer
    A multi-gym is safe because the weights are guided, so no spotter is needed. The load is easy to change, which suits beginners and circuits.

Component 01

Periodisation of Training

42 questions in the guide, across 3 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Macrocycles, mesocycles and microcycles

    What is a mesocycle?

    Show the answer
    A mesocycle is a block of training lasting several weeks with one main focus. A six-week block to build maximum strength is an example.
  2. Macrocycles, mesocycles and microcycles

    What is the difference between single and double periodisation?

    Show the answer
    Single periodisation has one competitive phase and one peak in the year. Double periodisation has two competitive phases and two peaks.
  3. Training phases and tapering

    Why is there a risk of losing fitness during a long competitive phase?

    Show the answer
    Frequent matches leave little time for hard training. Some conditioning must continue, or fitness declines through reversibility.

Component 01

Training and Lifestyle Diseases

42 questions in the guide, across 3 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease

    How does regular aerobic training change blood cholesterol?

    Show the answer
    Regular aerobic training raises HDL cholesterol and lowers LDL cholesterol. Less plaque is deposited, so the risk of atherosclerosis falls.
  2. Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease

    How does aerobic training strengthen the heart itself?

    Show the answer
    The myocardium becomes larger and stronger, and its own capillary supply improves. The heart pumps more blood per beat with less effort.
  3. Heart attack and stroke

    Why does a trained heart cope better with a reduced blood supply?

    Show the answer
    A trained heart has more capillaries and works more efficiently. The heart needs less oxygen to pump the same volume of blood.

Component 01

Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

78 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Acute and chronic injuries

    What is a sprain?

    Show the answer
    A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament. Ankle sprains are common when a netball player lands awkwardly.
  2. Acute and chronic injuries

    What is tennis elbow?

    Show the answer
    Tennis elbow is a chronic soft tissue injury to the tendons on the outside of the elbow. Repeated gripping and backhand strokes cause tennis elbow.
  3. Risk factors, warm-up and cool-down

    How can training effects become an intrinsic risk factor?

    Show the answer
    Overtraining can leave too little time for recovery, so tissues become fatigued and weak. A fatigued performer loses coordination and technique.

Component 01

Biomechanical Principles and Levers

76 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Newton's laws and force calculations

    Give the equation that links force, mass and acceleration, with units.

    Show the answer
    Force equals mass multiplied by acceleration, F = ma. Force is in newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg) and acceleration in m s⁻².
  2. Newton's laws and force calculations

    A 75 kg sprinter accelerates out of the blocks at 4 m s⁻². What net force acts on the sprinter?

    Show the answer
    The net force is 300 N. Force = 75 kg × 4 m s⁻² = 300 N.
  3. Forces and free body diagrams

    Define friction and state its direction for a running sprinter.

    Show the answer
    Friction is a force that opposes the slipping or sliding of two surfaces in contact. Friction acts forwards at the sprinter's foot, opposing the backward push of the foot.

Component 01

Linear and Angular Motion

72 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Linear motion, distance and displacement

    Why is a 100 m sprinter's movement described as a mix of linear and angular motion?

    Show the answer
    The sprinter's centre of mass travels in a straight line down the track. The limbs rotate about the joints, so the sprint combines linear and angular motion.
  2. Linear motion, distance and displacement

    A runner completes one lap of a 400 m track. State the distance covered and the displacement.

    Show the answer
    The distance covered is 400 m. The displacement is 0 m, because the runner finishes where the lap began.
  3. Speed, velocity and acceleration

    A long jumper runs 40 m down a straight runway in 4.4 s. What is the average velocity?

    Show the answer
    The average velocity is 9.09 m s⁻¹ along the runway. Velocity = 40 m ÷ 4.4 s = 9.09 m s⁻¹.

Component 01

Fluid Mechanics and Projectile Motion

74 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Air resistance and drag

    How does a track cyclist reduce frontal cross-sectional area?

    Show the answer
    The cyclist crouches low over the handlebars with the elbows tucked in. The smaller area facing the air reduces air resistance.
  2. Air resistance and drag

    How do swimmers alter their surface characteristics to reduce drag?

    Show the answer
    Swimmers wear smooth, tight-fitting suits and caps. Many swimmers also shave body hair to smooth the skin's surface.
  3. Factors affecting projectile distance

    How can a javelin thrower increase the speed of release?

    Show the answer
    The thrower uses a fast run-up and a long pulling action through the throw. Greater force applied for longer gives a greater release speed.

Component 02

Skill Classification, Practice and Transfer

78 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Classifying skills by difficulty, environment and pacing

    Justify placing a 100 m sprint towards the simple end of the difficulty continuum.

    Show the answer
    The sprinter repeats a well-learned running action with little information to process. Few decisions are needed once the race is under way.
  2. Classifying skills by difficulty, environment and pacing

    What is a self-paced skill?

    Show the answer
    A self-paced skill is one where the performer controls when the skill starts and how fast it is performed.
  3. Classifying skills by muscular involvement, continuity and organisation

    What is a serial skill?

    Show the answer
    A serial skill is a series of discrete skills linked together in a set order. The triple jump is a serial skill of a hop, a step and a jump.

Component 02

Theories and Stages of Learning

60 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Operant conditioning

    What is positive reinforcement?

    Show the answer
    Positive reinforcement is the giving of a pleasant stimulus after a correct response. Praise from a coach after a good pass strengthens the S-R bond.
  2. Operant conditioning

    What is shaping?

    Show the answer
    Shaping is the reinforcement of behaviour that gets gradually closer to the desired response. The coach rewards each small improvement until the full skill is achieved.
  3. Cognitive theory and insight learning

    What is an intervening variable?

    Show the answer
    An intervening variable is the mental processing that occurs between a stimulus and a response. Cognitive theorists argue that understanding happens during this processing.

Component 02

Guidance and Feedback

57 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Verbal and visual guidance

    Give two advantages of verbal guidance.

    Show the answer
    Verbal guidance can be given instantly during play, even from a distance. Verbal guidance can also be added to a demonstration to highlight its key points.
  2. Verbal and visual guidance

    What are the limitations of posters and charts as visual guidance?

    Show the answer
    A poster or chart shows a still image, so it cannot show the timing and flow of a movement. A learner may misread a static picture of a dynamic skill.
  3. Manual and mechanical guidance

    Give two disadvantages of manual guidance.

    Show the answer
    A learner can become dependent on the coach's support. The coach's hands change how the movement feels, so the learner's intrinsic feedback may be misleading.

Component 02

Memory Models

43 questions in the guide, across 3 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model

    Why is the short-term memory described as the working memory?

    Show the answer
    The short-term memory is where current information is compared with stored memories to make decisions. A performer works out a response there before acting.
  2. Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model

    How can a coach help a learner store a new skill in the long-term memory?

    Show the answer
    A coach can make practice meaningful, enjoyable and frequently repeated. A link to a skill the learner already knows also helps storage.
  3. Selective attention

    How does selective attention reduce reaction time?

    Show the answer
    Selective attention reduces the amount of information entering the short-term memory. Fewer items to process means a decision can be made more quickly.

Component 02

Personality and Attitudes

59 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Trait theory of personality

    What are the characteristics of an introvert?

    Show the answer
    An introvert prefers being alone and enjoys quiet, calm situations. An introvert's reticular activating system is highly sensitive, so the introvert is easily over-aroused.
  2. Trait theory of personality

    What are the characteristics of a type B personality?

    Show the answer
    A type B personality is relaxed, patient and less competitive. Type B performers tend to feel lower stress and are more tolerant of others.
  3. Social learning and interactionist perspectives

    Give an example of social learning shaping a young performer's personality.

    Show the answer
    A young footballer who watches a professional stay calm under pressure may copy that composure. Praise from the coach for the calm behaviour then reinforces it.

Component 02

Motivation and Arousal

56 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

    Give two sources of intrinsic motivation for a recreational swimmer.

    Show the answer
    A recreational swimmer may swim for the enjoyment of being in the water. A sense of achievement from a personal best is another source.
  2. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

    Name two intangible rewards a coach can give.

    Show the answer
    A coach can give verbal praise and public recognition in front of the squad.
  3. Rewards and motivation in coaching

    What is the overjustification effect?

    Show the answer
    The overjustification effect is a fall in intrinsic motivation when an external reward is given for an enjoyable activity. The performer starts to credit the reward for their taking part.

Component 02

Anxiety

42 questions in the guide, across 3 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. State and trait anxiety

    Who first distinguished between state and trait anxiety?

    Show the answer
    Charles Spielberger distinguished state anxiety from trait anxiety. Spielberger developed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to measure both.
  2. State and trait anxiety

    Which situational factors raise state anxiety?

    Show the answer
    An important event, a large or hostile crowd and a strong opponent all raise state anxiety. Fear of failure and of being judged also increase it.
  3. Somatic and cognitive anxiety

    How does cognitive anxiety usually change in the days before a competition?

    Show the answer
    Cognitive anxiety rises gradually as the event approaches. Cognitive anxiety stays high during the event if the performer expects to fail.

Component 02

Aggression

43 questions in the guide, across 3 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Aggression and assertion

    A rugby player makes a crunching tackle that is legal and timed to win the ball. Is this aggression or assertion?

    Show the answer
    The tackle is assertion. The player used legal force to win the ball, with no intent to injure.
  2. Aggression and assertion

    Give two causes of aggression in sport.

    Show the answer
    Frustration at losing or at a refereeing decision can trigger aggression. Provocation by an opponent, such as a foul or verbal abuse, is another cause.
  3. Instinct and social learning theories of aggression

    Give two criticisms of instinct theory.

    Show the answer
    Aggression is rarely spontaneous, because it usually follows a trigger such as provocation. Some people and cultures show very little aggression, which an innate drive cannot explain.

Component 02

Social Facilitation and Group Dynamics

57 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Social facilitation and inhibition

    What are co-actors?

    Show the answer
    Co-actors are people performing the same task at the same time without directly competing. Cyclists training alongside each other are co-actors.
  2. Social facilitation and inhibition

    Why does a home crowd not always help the home team?

    Show the answer
    A supportive crowd raises arousal and can facilitate experienced performers. The expectation of success can also raise anxiety and cause social inhibition at key moments.
  3. Evaluation apprehension and reducing social inhibition

    Why might a performer feel strong evaluation apprehension at a trial for a county squad?

    Show the answer
    Selectors are watching and judging every action. The performer's future depends on their verdict, so the fear of being judged is high.

Component 02

Goal Setting

41 questions in the guide, across 3 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Outcome, performance and process goals

    Why can relying only on outcome goals raise anxiety?

    Show the answer
    A win depends partly on opponents and luck, which the performer cannot control. A performer who plays well but loses may still feel a failure.
  2. Outcome, performance and process goals

    Why should a long-term goal be broken into short-term goals?

    Show the answer
    Short-term goals give regular, achievable success along the way. Each success builds confidence and keeps motivation high until the long-term goal is reached.
  3. How goal setting improves performance

    Why do goals help a performer persist through a long rehabilitation from injury?

    Show the answer
    Small weekly goals mark the steps back to full fitness. Each target reached keeps the performer committed to a slow programme.

Component 02

Attribution

41 questions in the guide, across 3 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Weiner's model: locus of causality and stability

    What is an external attribution?

    Show the answer
    An external attribution places the cause of an outcome outside the performer. Task difficulty and luck are external causes.
  2. Weiner's model: locus of causality and stability

    Why does a stable attribution for success raise expectations of future success?

    Show the answer
    A stable cause such as ability is expected to be present next time. The performer therefore expects to succeed again.
  3. Controllability, self-serving bias and attribution retraining

    Why do performers show a self-serving bias?

    Show the answer
    The self-serving bias protects self-esteem after a defeat. Personal credit for success also raises pride and confidence.

Component 02

Confidence and Self-Efficacy

54 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Sports confidence, self-efficacy and self-esteem

    How does high sports confidence affect performance?

    Show the answer
    A confident performer tries harder, persists for longer and takes on challenges. Confidence also helps the performer control anxiety and stay focused.
  2. Sports confidence, self-efficacy and self-esteem

    Why might a teenager with low confidence drop out of school sport?

    Show the answer
    Fear of failing in front of peers can make PE feel threatening. Avoidance protects self-esteem in the short term but removes the chance to improve.
  3. Vealey's model of sports confidence

    Explain how state sports confidence is produced in Vealey's model.

    Show the answer
    The performer brings trait confidence and a competitive orientation to the objective situation. The three together set the level of state sports confidence.

Component 02

Leadership

58 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Effective, emergent and prescribed leaders

    Why should an effective leader be flexible?

    Show the answer
    Different situations and groups need different approaches. A flexible leader adapts their style to what the moment requires.
  2. Effective, emergent and prescribed leaders

    What is a disadvantage of an emergent leader?

    Show the answer
    A leader drawn from within may struggle to discipline former friends. Rivals for the role may resent the choice.
  3. Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire styles

    When is a democratic style most effective?

    Show the answer
    A democratic style suits small groups of experienced, skilled performers. The style works best when there is time to discuss decisions.

Component 02

Stress Management

59 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Stress and stressors in sport

    How can conflict cause stress in a team?

    Show the answer
    Disagreement with teammates or the coach creates tension. Conflict can distract a performer from the task.
  2. Stress and stressors in sport

    What are the cognitive effects of stress?

    Show the answer
    Stress brings worry, negative thoughts and poor concentration. Decision making and attention can suffer.
  3. Self-talk, thought stopping and rational thinking

    What is negative thought stopping?

    Show the answer
    Negative thought stopping is cutting off a negative thought the moment it appears. A trigger word or action, such as saying ‘stop’, interrupts the thought.

Component 03

Sport in Pre-Industrial and Industrial Britain

63 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain

    How did patronage link the classes in pre-industrial sport?

    Show the answer
    Wealthy patrons organised and funded events such as horse races and prize fights. Lower-class performers competed for the money and prizes the patrons put up.
  2. Popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain

    How did the availability of time shape popular recreation?

    Show the answer
    The lower classes worked long hours set by the farming year. Games were played on holy days and festivals such as Shrove Tuesday, so they were occasional.
  3. Urbanisation, rational recreation and the railways

    Explain how the railways changed sport.

    Show the answer
    Railways let teams and spectators travel quickly and cheaply across the country. National fixtures, leagues and competitions became possible.

Component 03

Sport in the 20Th and 21St Centuries

64 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Amateurism and professionalism in the 20th century

    When did English cricket end the distinction between amateurs and professionals?

    Show the answer
    English cricket abolished amateur status after the 1962 season. The Gentlemen v Players fixture ended, and all first-class cricketers became simply cricketers.
  2. Amateurism and professionalism in the 20th century

    How did class continue to shape 20th-century sport?

    Show the answer
    Football and rugby league kept a mainly working-class following. Rugby union, tennis and golf kept a more middle-class image, partly through club membership costs.
  3. Social change and sport in 20th-century Britain

    How did the Hillsborough disaster of 1989 change spectator sport?

    Show the answer
    The Taylor Report that followed required all-seater stadiums at top English grounds. Terracing and perimeter fences were removed to protect spectators.

Component 03

The Olympic Games and Global Sporting Events

53 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Coubertin and the aims of the modern Olympics

    What was the main educational aim behind Coubertin's Olympic ideal?

    Show the answer
    Coubertin wanted sport to develop the whole person, body and mind together. Competition, in his view, taught discipline, fair play and self-control.
  2. Coubertin and the aims of the modern Olympics

    What is the Olympic motto, and how was it changed in 2021?

    Show the answer
    The Olympic motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius, meaning faster, higher, stronger. The IOC added Communiter, meaning together, in 2021.
  3. Berlin 1936 and Mexico City 1968

    How did Jesse Owens undermine Nazi racial ideology at Berlin 1936?

    Show the answer
    Jesse Owens, a black American athlete, won four gold medals. Owens won the 100 m, 200 m, long jump and 4 × 100 m relay.

Component 03

Drugs in Sport

51 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Legal supplements and illegal doping

    Why is blood doping classed as a banned method rather than a banned substance?

    Show the answer
    Blood doping boosts red blood cells by infusing blood rather than by taking a drug. WADA bans methods of manipulation as well as substances.
  2. Legal supplements and illegal doping

    How does the ethical view of supplements differ from the view of doping?

    Show the answer
    Legal supplements are widely accepted as part of preparation. Doping is seen as cheating because it breaks the agreed rules of fair competition.
  3. Why elite performers dope

    How can injury lead a performer to use illegal drugs?

    Show the answer
    A performer may use banned drugs to recover faster from injury or training. A quick return to competition protects the performer's place and income.

Component 03

Violence and Gambling in Sport

51 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Causes of player and spectator violence

    Why can the importance of a match increase violence among players?

    Show the answer
    High-stakes matches raise pressure and arousal. Derby games and finals often produce more flashpoints.
  2. Causes of player and spectator violence

    How can the media contribute to spectator violence?

    Show the answer
    The media can hype a fixture as a war or a grudge match. Coverage can also glamorise hooligan groups.
  3. Implications of violence in sport

    What happened to English clubs after the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985?

    Show the answer
    Thirty-nine people died at Heysel when a wall collapsed after Liverpool fans charged Juventus supporters. English clubs were then banned from European competition for five years.

Component 03

Commercialisation and the Media

63 questions in the guide, across 5 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. What drives the commercialisation of sport

    How does advertising link business and sport?

    Show the answer
    Businesses buy advertising around sport to reach large audiences. Television advertising during live events is especially valuable.
  2. What drives the commercialisation of sport

    Why do businesses want to be linked with successful performers?

    Show the answer
    A successful performer's positive image transfers to the brand. The association can raise sales and brand recognition.
  3. Impacts of commercialisation

    Why can commercialisation widen the gap between sports?

    Show the answer
    Money flows to the most popular televised sports. Minority sports struggle for funding and coverage.

Component 03

Routes to Sporting Excellence

49 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. From talent identification to elite performance

    How do talent transfer schemes find elite performers?

    Show the answer
    Talent transfer moves athletes from one sport to another that suits their attributes. A tall rower might be recruited from basketball or netball.
  2. From talent identification to elite performance

    How can a performer's socio-economic background affect their route to excellence?

    Show the answer
    Some sports need expensive equipment, travel and coaching. Performers from poorer families may be excluded before reaching elite level.
  3. Schools, clubs and universities in elite success

    What is a club academy?

    Show the answer
    A club academy is a structured programme that develops young performers for the first team. Professional football and rugby clubs run academies.

Component 03

Modern Technology in Sport

51 questions in the guide, across 4 subtopics. More from this topic

  1. Technology and elite performance

    How have governing bodies responded to advanced running shoes?

    Show the answer
    World Athletics introduced limits on the sole thickness of racing shoes in 2020. The limits aim to stop footwear rather than athletes deciding results.
  2. Technology and elite performance

    What is meant by technological doping?

    Show the answer
    Technological doping is gaining an unfair advantage from equipment rather than ability. Advanced swimsuits and shoes have been described this way.
  3. Technology and general participation

    How do fitness trackers encourage participation?

    Show the answer
    Fitness trackers record steps, heart rate and activity. Targets and feedback can motivate people to be more active.

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